Oxazepam Use, Side Effects, Cautions, and Withdrawal

Oxazepam Use, Side Effects, Cautions, and Withdrawal Bipolar Disorder Treatment Medications Print How Oxazepam (Serax) Is Used for Anxiety By Marcia Purse Marcia Purse is a mental health writer and bipolar disorder advocate who brings strong research skills and personal experiences to her writing. Learn about our editorial policy Marcia Purse Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Daniel B. Block, MD on January 30, 2020 twitter linkedin Daniel B. Block, MD, is an award-winning, board-certified psychiatrist who operates a private practice in Pennsylvania. Learn about our Medical Review Board Daniel B. Block, MD Updated on February 16, 2020 BSIP/UIG/Getty Images More in Bipolar Disorder Treatment Medications Symptoms Diagnosis In This Article Table of Contents Expand Side Effects Precautions Safety Compared to Other Benzodiazepines During Pregnancy and Nursing Withdrawal View All Back To Top The medication oxazepam (brand name Serax, among others) is used for short-term relief of anxiety, tension, agitation, and irritability. Its also used to treat anxiety associated with depression and alcohol withdrawal and cocaine withdrawal.?? Oxazepam is an older medication, having first been marketed in 1965. Since its been around so long, its available almost exclusively as a generic drugâ€"brand name versions like Serax are difficult or impossible to find. However, the generic versions of the medication should work as well as prescription versions. Oxazepam works slowly compared to other benzodiazepine drugs. Oxazepam is a benzodiazepine. As with all medications in that class of drugs, you can become addicted if you use the drug too frequently or for too long. Benzodiazepines: Addiction and Dependence Side Effects As with all prescription drugs, oxazepam has potential side effects, some of which may be serious. The most common side effect seen with the use of oxazepam is drowsiness or lethargy, especially when you first start to take the medication. If this is too big a problem or lasts for more than a few days, talk to your doctor about reducing your dosage (which almost always solves the problem). Less common side effects of oxazepam include:?? HeadacheTremorSwellingDizziness or lightheadednessVertigo (trouble with balance or the sensation that the room is spinning)Slurred speechNauseaChanges in your sex drive Benzodiazepines Uses, Indications, and Side Effects Precautions When starting oxazepam, you shouldnt drive or perform any other potentially hazardous activities until you know how you will react to the medication (and even then you should practice caution). Combining oxazepam with alcohol, opioid medications, or other substances that depress the central nervous system could result in serious complications, even death due to suppression of the breathing center in the brain.?? How Depressants Affect the Central Nervous System Those with a history of psychosis should not be prescribed oxazepam.?? Likewise, the medication should be avoided in anyone with a history of addictive behavior. An exception, of course, is when the medication is used for alcohol withdrawal symptoms. When oxazepam is used for alcohol, cocaine, or other substance abuse withdrawal, a person should be closely monitored for the duration of the time the medication is used. Benzodiazepines, including oxazepam, should also be avoided entirely in the elderly and in people with dementia.?? Safety Compared to Other Benzodiazepines Oxazepam is significantly safer in terms of toxicity than either Librium (chlordiazepoxide) or Valium (diazepam), two other benzodiazepines.?? Commonly used doses of oxazepam are less likely than equivalent doses of other benzodiazepines to cause dangerous side effects. During Pregnancy and Nursing Because other drugs in the benzodiazepine family have been shown to cause birth defects, you should not take oxazepam while pregnant.?? If you accidentally become pregnant while taking it, talk to your doctor. This medication should be stopped as soon as possible in pregnancy, but due to the possibility of withdrawal, this should only be done under the guidance of your physician. Oxazepam will pass through into your breast milk,?? and therefore should not be used by nursing mothers unless you and your doctor decide the expected benefit of the drug outweighs the risk to the baby. Withdrawal Abrupt discontinuation of oxazepam or any other benzodiazepine, especially after extended therapy, can cause mild to severe withdrawal effects.?? For those who have been using oxazepam for some time, withdrawal can be very serious, and even fatal. Because of this problem, you should try to use the medication for as little time as possible, and discuss with your doctor how to taper your dosage off gradually. Never discontinue the drug suddenly. How Long Do Benzodiazepines Stay in Your System? Bottom Line Oxazepam can be a useful medication for the acute treatment of anxiety or alcohol withdrawal, and since it may have fewer side effects than some of the other benzodiazepines, may be a good choice in certain circumstances. At the same time, its important to understand that benzodiazepines are strong medications with a potential for abuse and serious side effects, both due to the side effects of the drug alone or in combination with other drugs, and due to withdrawal side effects when it is discontinued.

Radioactivity Science Quiz

Symptoms and Long-Term Effects of Depression - 950 Words

Depression is a psychiatric disorder characterized by an inability to concentrate, insomnia, loss of appetite, feelings of extreme sadness, guilt, helplessness and hopelessness, and thoughts of death. People that are depressed have sadness greater and more prolonged than that warranted by any objective reason. It is a serious illness that affects thoughts, feelings, and the ability to function in everyday life. Thirteen to fourteen million Americans suffer from depression in any given year and over sixteen percent have depression at some point in time. (Depression health) Women tend to be more susceptible to the disorder than men. (Depression) Symptoms of depression are persistent sad mood, loss of interest or pleasure in activities once†¦show more content†¦Sometimes depressed people are unrealistically pessimistic about their health. Depressed patients in a hospital, although they did improve considerably during two years, still thought less of their mental and physical health than regular medical patients. Depressed people always remember how they felt and some people will think they are still depressed because they are different than they used to be. So they just want to go back to the way they were before. Depression does have effects on the mind. But it just depends on how long you let the things affect you. Works Cited Arias, Donya C. â€Å"Depression Worsens Health More than Arthritis, Asthma, or Diabetes. (Health Findings: The Latest Public Health Studies and Research).† The Nation’s Health. Nov. 2007. pg. 30. Dean, Mary R. Personal Interview. Thursday, 31 Jan. 2008. â€Å"Depression and Health: Long-Term Effects.† Harvard Mental Health Letter. August 1995. pg. 7. â€Å"Depression Is A Labor Issue.† Briarpatch. Dec. 2007 â€Å"Depression Is Significant Cause of Homicides In China.† Xinhua News Agency. Nov. 2007 â€Å"Depression (Health).† World Almanac and Book of Facts. World Almanac Education Group. 2005. pg. 96. â€Å"Effects of Postpartum Depression.† Talk of the Nation. 26, June 2001 Jancin, Bruce. â€Å"Postpartum Depression Hurts Kids. (Boys More Adversely Affected Than Girls.† Clinical Psychiatry. July 2003. Lewis, Kristyn Kusek. â€Å"Tired? Achy? Thirsty? The Symptoms That Trip up Even Top Docs.†Show MoreRelatedDepression Essay : Depression : The Causes Of Depression893 Words   |  4 PagesDepression Depression affects many people in today’s society for a number of reasons. Depression is a serious disorder, numerous people are affected by it. However, there are places to go that give help that people with depression need. To begin, depression is a disorder that affects a great deal of people. According to Mayo Clinic, â€Å"Depression is a mood disorder that causes a persistent feeling of sadness and loss of interest† (â€Å"Overview,† n.d.). There are many causes to why people have depressionRead MoreMeditation Replacement For Patients With Depression Essay1401 Words   |  6 Pagesreplace medication in terms of treating depression. A.Introduce main topic, thesis, terms, etc (Introductory Paragraph) i. Hook: The recognition of depression as a common mental illness should lead to studies regarding what form of treatment is best for a patient, but antidepressants seem to be the unimpressive go-to. ii. Terms discussed in paper: CBT: Cognitive-behavioural therapy; HEP: Health enhancement program; TAU: Treatment as usual; TRD: Treatment-resistant depression; Mediators: MeasurableRead MoreDepression Case Study781 Words   |  4 Pagesthis study is physical activity (where standard antidepressant medication is a control treatment) and the outcome is the severity of depression symptoms. The efficacy of exercise of a treatment compared to that of the standard antidepressant will be investigated in adults with depression as the study population. Participants will be recently diagnosed with depression, and be recruited from four community mental health treatment centres located throughout the province. Participants will be randomizedRead MoreLong Term Effects of Childhood Separation Anxiety1230 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Long-Term Effects of Childhood Separation Anxiety Abstract This report delves into the connection between childhood separation anxiety disorder and the long-term implications that it may have. To understand the connections I preformed secondary research through â€Å"Academic Search Complete†. I found that childhood separation anxiety disorder is connected with serious mental disorders, such as anorexia, bulimia, social phobias, depression, and behavior disorders. Many studies have shown that childhoodRead MoreI Feel Therefore I Am1065 Words   |  4 PagesI Feel Therefore I Am Have you ever met that one person that is never in a good mood? Always sleeping, never eating or just walks around like a zombie? Depression can alter multiple different aspects of your social, behavioral and professional life. If depression was to go untreated it could lead to serious life altering changes which in turn could drive you deeper in to the depressed state. It has been proven that while depressed people are affected with poor concentration and indecisiveness.Read MoreDrugs and Homeostasis1668 Words   |  7 PagesConcepts: 1.) Clinical Depression - is the most frequently encountered mental illness. Clinical depression is now considered a physical condition in which there is a fault in the brain chemistry. It may afflict up to 5% or more of the population. Symptoms of depression include a distinct change in mood accompanied with an extreme feeling of hopelessness. Other symptoms include: loss of appetite; weight loss; headaches; sleeplessness; loss of energy; and tiredness. Symptoms of anxiety are also quiteRead MoreThe Ethics Of Paediatric Anti Depressant907 Words   |  4 Pagesphysicians and strictly enforced by parents. Paediatric depression (depression that usually affects youth ages five to eighteen, or in some cases, individuals up to age twenty-one) is on the rise, and is quickly becoming a significant issue in today’s society. Recent estimates have placed its prevalence at a combined percentage of between two and seven percent for those between the ages of six and eighteen years old. Identified by a range of symptoms including: â€Å"low mood, anhedonia [the inability to feelRead MoreTreatment Of Schizophrenia And Generalized Anxiety Disorder1427 Words   |  6 Pagespsychiatric disorders that are experienced by patients include depression, schizophrenia and generalized anxiety disorder. The psychiatric disorders may be caused by both genetic and environmental factors. All these disorders of the mind greatly affect the quality of life of the sufferers. Depression may affect any individual at any stage of life and the symptoms include lack of interest and generalized low moods. The trea tment for depression includes psychotherapy, pharmacotherapy and an unpopular method;Read MoreThe Effects Of Concussions On The Brain1164 Words   |  5 Pagesbeen identified. The effects of concussions have also been seen in the functioning of the brain rather than in the structure of the brain itself. Being identified as mild traumatic brain injuries, occurring due to a bump or jolt to head or neck, concussions can result in both short-term and long-term effects. Although most individuals are able to recover from these head injuries, a small but relevant portion of individuals have been found to suffer from chronic long-term effects including early onsetsRead MoreManagement Over Change : The Pitfalls Of An Overmedicated American Culture Essay1686 Words   |  7 Pagesfeeling taken care of, when in fact the issue is merely being managed. Depression and Post Traumatic Stress Disorder are two highly medicated and diagnosed disorders that are prominent in America. The main factors c onnecting these disorders are that they both disrupt a person from functioning in their normal lives. Such disorders are episodic in nature and effect the long term well being of a sufferer. While PTSD and Depression are different disorders, they can be used to illustrate the pitfalls of

The Deadly Happiness of Mrs,. Mallard Free Essays

Modes of Analysis Character Analysis on Story Of An Hour The Story of an Hour is short story in which many things happened during that hour. With in an hour the main character Mrs. Mallard experience emotions that she never felt before in her life. We will write a custom essay sample on The Deadly Happiness of Mrs,. Mallard or any similar topic only for you Order Now During the process of the story we begin to see a character that is weak sick and summited to society regiment. At the moment of the unexpected, Mrs. Mallard showed a different aspect of herself. We tend to react in the different prospective ways when an unexpected event happens. We tend to have a close look at our real selves. The Story of An Hour by Kate Chopin reflects the dramatic process of Mrs. Mallard’s character through the death of her husband. It also demonstrates that the true identity cannot be sheltered forever. Mrs. Mallard character had a distinctive personality. A woman who summited her self to the mental abuse of her husband and she became sick from all the hurting she kept inside (227). She remains quiet during her life not allowing anyone to know her deepest thoughts. She was not free to do as she wanted. Mrs. Mallard had the desire of getting in touch with the world outside and to be able to speak when ever she wanted to. The detail I am interested in the most is the reaction of Mrs. Mallard toward the saying â€Å"Free Body and Soul free! †(228). It is not easy to understand her reaction. I think that reaction is the result of her inside conflict in which she hesitates about how to determine her own feelings. She doesn’t know how to react, she should feel sorry about the death news, but she feels happy about freedom (228). At the beginning, when I saw her reaction about the news of her husband death, I began to analyze the character. At the beginning of the story, I saw a cold hearted character, as I continue reading; it became cleared to me that Kate Chopin was trying to send a message through her story. In the beginning of the 19th century, this reaction was unacceptable in society. However through the modern readers’ eyes; her reaction is the explosion of her true feelings which were repressed for a long time. During the time line in which the story was based on, a wife had to be subservient to her husband and her life was confined to the house. Women in those days were not permitted to divorce; the only way they would acquire liberty was by becoming widows. A traditional role like that, makes Mrs. Mallard consider her marriage as a burden and she feels free when she gets to know about her husband’s death. That’s the reason Mrs. Mallard became joyful when she heard the news of her husbands death. I think that she felt overwhelmed with her everyday life of a servant, with complete dependence on Brently his decisions and maybe his dominance. To me it seems that the character of Mrs. Mallard is a person who is disappointed with the harsh reality of her everyday living, and that she is also subconsciously looking for a chance to escape from an unhappy marriage. She loved her husband and sincerely cried for him when she hears of his death, but at the same time she is happy to acquire her freedom again(228). Through Mrs. Mallard reaction, I can see that she suffers a lot from her married life. Mrs. Mallard tries to use her will to beat the feeling of freedom and the desire for independence, but her will loses, and her true feeling takes control over her thinking. As a result, her reaction is different from what is usual and expected. Her exclamation of freedom impact the readers, because of the unexpected reaction of Mrs. Mallard, by Chopin allowing this expression in the story it helps the reader understand the inside struggle of her own life. Mrs. Mallard is a vivid character that identifies the life of Chopin. It indicates her private needs, emotion and expectations which she kept inside. Chopin lived in an era where women were not heard. Personally, I think that the saying free is the reaction that expresses the feelings about society condemnatory ways to women. To Mrs. Mallard it is like a prison having to be under the oppression of her husband authority. She had lived under the control of her husband, with little identity and time of her own. Maybe to under his imposed private will it was confusing for her ability to identify herself. The expression in the reaction helps the reader identify more strongly with her need for individuality. I also can identify with Mrs. Mallard with myself: she is a lady who sacrifices herself for her husband. Her reaction shows that despite a lot of suffering, she is willing to maintain the wife role the last moment. She only dares to let her true feeling pour out after she hears of his death and in a place away from public view, in her room (228). Her saying tells me that in her life she has never experienced such a moment of great joy, happiness and excitement like this. Later on in the story, she received the disappointment of her life when she learns her husband was alive. That brought her to her death which in another way she became free of her oppression (228). When I read this story for the first time, it seemed to be a story of many unpredictable details. To me, the story is still highly appreciated until strict social bias and peoples expectations about gender roles in general and marriage in particular are denied completely. How to cite The Deadly Happiness of Mrs,. Mallard, Papers

Solutions To Assignment TVM Practice Q Essay Example

Solutions To Assignment TVM Practice Q Paper James plans to fund his individual retirement account, beginning today, with 20 annual deposits Of 52,000, Which he Will continue for the next 20 years. If he can earn an annual compound rate of 8 percent on his deposits, the amount in the account upon retirement Will be 98845. 84(since it is a retirement plan so, assumed to be annuity due) correct 91,523. 93 ordinary annuity in this accumulation phase. 2. SOCIO is received at the beginning of year 1, $200 is received at the beginning of year 2, and $300 is received at the beginning of year 3. If these cash flows re deposited at 12 percent, their combined future value at the end of year 3 is 727. 37 3. Marl borrows SO,SOC at 12 percent annually compounded interest to be repaid in four equal annual installments. The actual end-of-year payment is 1481_as 4. A beach house in southern California now costs $350,000. Inflation is expected to cause this price to increase at S percent per year over the next 20 years before Louis and Kate retire from successful careers in commercial art. How large an equal annual end-of-year deposit must be made into an account paying n annual rate of interest of 13 percent in order to buy the beach house upon retirement? Value of house on ret. A-1 1 ,472. C S. Chris is planning for her sons college education to begin five years from today. She estimates the yearly tuition, books, and living expenses to be $5,000 per year for a four-year degree. How much must Chris deposit today, at an interest rate of 8 percent, for her son to be able to withdraw $5,000 per year for four years of college? We will write a custom essay sample on Solutions To Assignment TVM Practice Q specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Solutions To Assignment TVM Practice Q specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Solutions To Assignment TVM Practice Q specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer First we need to calculate the IV Of a 4 years annuity With an annual payment Of $5,000 at = $16,560. 0 This is the value that should be in Thelma account 5 years from now, now we need to calculate the IV of this amount which would equal the amount Thelma must deposit today: = sys 270. 90 12172. 91 6. Entertainers Aid plans five annual colossal concerts, each in a different nations capital. The concerts will raise funds for an endowment which would provide the World Wide Hunger Fund with per year into The endowment will be given at the end of the fifth year. The rate of interest is expected to be g percent in all future periods. HOW much must Entertainers Aid opposite each year to accumulate to the required amount? 7. A wealthy art collector has decided to endow her favorite art museum by establishing funds for an endowment which would provide the museum with per year for acquisitions into perpetuity. The art collector will give the endowment upon her fiftieth birthday 10 years from today. She plans to accumulate the endowment by making annual end-of-year deposits into an account. The rate of interest is expected to be 6 percent in all future periods. How much must the art collector deposit each year to accumulate to the required amount? SOLUTIONS TO SAMPLE TV QUESTIONS DISCUSSED IN THE CLASS Q 1. If the effective annual rate of interest is known to be 16. 08% on a debt that has quarterly payments, what is the annual percentage rate (aka nominal annual rate)? (Time/Marks 3) My Answer: 15. 1923% Q 2, If 0. 15, find equivalent nominal interest rate convertible semi-annually, Mans. 15. 3781243% Q 2. Mr.. Aragua deposits RSI. L . 000/- in a bank for 20 years at p. A. Compounded annually. What will the deposit grow to after 20 years? If the inflation rate is 6% p. . , what will be the value of the deposit after 20 years in arms Of the constant rupees (i. E. , real rupees)? (Time/Marks 3) ANSWER: AVIVA= RSI. 6,727/50=Nominal Value/Cash flow; (AVIVA )Real Value/Constant Rupees = Nominal Cash flow/(l Rate)t (Or) Real Into. Rate = (1. 10/1. 06)-1 =1. 037735849, Value of deposit after 20 yr. In terms of real rupees or constant rupees = Ersatzes. Q 4. A beach house in Purr now costs Inflation is expected to cause this price to increase at 5 percent per year over the next 20 years before Luck and Kosher retire from successful careers in commercial art. How large n equal annual end-of-year deposit must be made into an account paying an annual rate of interest of 13 percent in order to buy the beach house upon retirement? (Time/Marks 3) ANSWER: Value of the house at retirement = FIVE = Annual saving Annuity ordinary RSI. 1, 14, 723. 97. Q 5. An oil well presently produces 50,000 barrels per year. It will last for 15 years more, but the production will fall by p. A. Oil prices are expected to increase by 3% p. A. Currently the price of oil is $50 per barrel. What is the present value of the wells production if the discount rate is pea, effective.

Fischer essays

Fischer essays The main idea of this story was that Antwan Fischer wanted a family, so that he could be loved. Antwan had dreams of his father welcoming him into a big barn full of family surrounding a table of soul food. Antwan was in the Navy had no immediate family, his father was murder by an ex-girlfriend and mother was in a state prison for women when she gave birth to him. Which then led Antwan to an orphanage for babies for a few years. After the orphanage Antwan was place in a Foster Home with a family, Mr., Mrs., daughter Nadine Tate and two Foster brothers Dwight and Keith. Mrs. Tate physically and mentally abused Antwan and brothers. If she (Mrs. Tate) felt the boys did something wrong, she would take them down to the basement, tie their hands together and beat them. Instead calling them by their names Mrs. Tate would call them little niggas. She called niggas so much that the boys knew whom she was talking to by the she said it. One day Antwan was left alone with the daughter Nadine to baby-sit him. Nadine put her tongue in Antwans mouth kissing him, then slapped him and told Antwan to go to the basement and drop his drawers. Antwan ran out of the basement and to his friends house after Nadine molested him. Antwan was charming with the women. He would often compliment Dr. Davenport on nice looking his wife was and how much of a good cook she was, and would smile in a shy boyish look. On the other hand Antwan was the exact opposite with men. When one of his shipmates would joke with in a manner Antwan did not think was appropriate or get to close to him, instead of saying so Antwan would respond violently. Antwan assaulted one shipmate for getting in his face, and then when confronted by his commanding officer Antwan told him there was racial slur said toward him. Antwan would often get into physical fights because he did not know how to control his anger. This i ...

A List of Radioactive Elements

A List of Radioactive Elements This is a list or table of elements that are radioactive. Keep in mind, all elements can have radioactive isotopes. If enough neutrons are added to an atom, it becomes unstable and decays. A good example of this is tritium, a radioactive isotope of hydrogen naturally present at extremely low levels. This table contains the elements that have no stable isotopes. Each element is followed by the most stable known isotope and its half-life. Note increasing atomic number doesnt necessarily make an atom more unstable. Scientists predict there may be islands of stability in the periodic table, where superheavy transuranium elements may be more stable (although still radioactive) than some lighter elements.This list is sorted by increasing atomic number. Radioactive Elements Element Most Stable Isotope Half-lifeof Most Stable Istope Technetium Tc-91 4.21 x 106 years Promethium Pm-145 17.4 years Polonium Po-209 102 years Astatine At-210 8.1 hours Radon Rn-222 3.82 days Francium Fr-223 22 minutes Radium Ra-226 1600 years Actinium Ac-227 21.77 years Thorium Th-229 7.54 x 104 years Protactinium Pa-231 3.28 x 104 years Uranium U-236 2.34 x 107 years Neptunium Np-237 2.14 x 106 years Plutonium Pu-244 8.00 x 107 years Americium Am-243 7370 years Curium Cm-247 1.56 x 107 years Berkelium Bk-247 1380 years Californium Cf-251 898 years Einsteinium Es-252 471.7 days Fermium Fm-257 100.5 days Mendelevium Md-258 51.5 days Nobelium No-259 58 minutes Lawrencium Lr-262 4 hours Rutherfordium Rf-265 13 hours Dubnium Db-268 32 hours Seaborgium Sg-271 2.4 minutes Bohrium Bh-267 17 seconds Hassium Hs-269 9.7 seconds Meitnerium Mt-276 0.72 seconds Darmstadtium Ds-281 11.1 seconds Roentgenium Rg-281 26 seconds Copernicium Cn-285 29 seconds Nihonium Nh-284 0.48 seconds Flerovium Fl-289 2.65 seconds Moscovium Mc-289 87 milliseconds Livermorium Lv-293 61 milliseconds Tennessine Unknown Oganesson Og-294 1.8 milliseconds Where Do Radionuclides Come From? Radioactive elements form naturally, as a result of nuclear fission, and via intentional synthesis in nuclear reactors or particle accelerators. Natural Natural radioisotopes may remain from nucleosynthesis in stars and supernova explosions. Typically these primordial radioisotopes have half-lives so long they are stable for all practical purposes, but when they decay they form what are called secondary radionuclides. For example, primordial isotopes thorium-232, uranium-238, and uranium-235 can decay to form secondary radionuclides of radium and polonium. Carbon-14 is an example of a cosmogenic isotope. This radioactive element is continually formed in the atmosphere due to cosmic radiation. Nuclear Fission Nuclear fission from nuclear power plants and thermonuclear weapons produces radioactive isotopes called fission products. In addition, irradiation of surrounding structures and the nuclear fuel produces isotopes called activation products. A wide range of radioactive elements may result, which is part of why nuclear fallout and nuclear waste are so difficult to deal with. Synthetic The latest element on the periodic table have not been found in nature. These radioactive elements are produced in nuclear reactors and accelerators. There are different strategies used to form new elements. Sometimes elements are placed within a nuclear reactor, where the neutrons from the reaction react with the specimen to form desired products. Iridium-192 is an example of a radioisotope prepared in this manner. In other cases, particle accelerators bombard a target with energetic particles. An example of a radionuclide produced in an accelerator is fluorine-18. Sometimes a specific isotope is prepared in order to gather its decay product. For example, molybdenum-99 is used to produce technetium-99m. Commercially Available Radionuclides Sometimes the longest-lived half-life of a radionuclide is not the most useful or affordable. Certain common isotopes are available even to the general public in small quantities in most countries. Others on this list are available by regulation to professionals in industry, medicine, and science: Gamma Emitters Barium-133Cadmium-109Cobalt-57Cobalt-60Europium-152Manganese-54Sodium-22Zinc-65Technetium-99m Beta Emitters Strontium-90Thallium-204Carbon-14Tritium Alpha Emitters Polonium-210Uranium-238 Multiple Radiation Emitters Cesium-137Americium-241 Effects of Radionuclides on Organisms Radioactivity exists in nature, but radionuclides can cause radioactive contamination and radiation poisonin if find their way into the environment or an organism is over-exposed. The type of potential damage depends on the type and energy of the emitted radiation. Typically, radiation exposure causes burns and cell damage. Radiation can cause cancer, but it might not appear for many years following exposure. Sources International Atomic Energy Agency ENSDF database (2010).Loveland, W.; Morrissey, D.; Seaborg, G.T. (2006). Modern Nuclear Chemistry. Wiley-Interscience. p. 57. ISBN 978-0-471-11532-8.Luig, H.; Kellerer, A. M.; Griebel, J. R. (2011). Radionuclides, 1. Introduction. Ullmanns Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. doi:10.1002/14356007.a22_499.pub2 ISBN 978-3527306732.Martin, James (2006). Physics for Radiation Protection: A Handbook. ISBN 978-3527406111.Petrucci, R.H.; Harwood, W.S.; Herring, F.G. (2002). General Chemistry (8th ed.). Prentice-Hall. p.1025–26.